DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY: THE CHILD
PSY 360 – Fall 2001
Test 4
Multiple Choice: For each question below, select the single most correct answer by circling the corresponding letter (@ 1 point).
[NOTE: Answers to the multiple choice questions can be found at the end of this test.]
1. It is not until the baby ___________________ that we can say a subjective
self has really emerged.
A. touches her nose instead of her mirror image
B. has acquired Stage 1 grammar or telegraphic speech
C. has resolved the Oedipus conflict
D. grasps the concept of object permanence
2. When four-year-old Ernie describes himself as tall and strong, he
is defining his _______________ self.
A. subjective
B. imaginary
C. objective
D. true
3. Children begin to experience pride, shame and embarrassment
A. at birth
C. when they begin school
B. after they can pass the rouge test
D. at adolescence
4. Four-year-old Hanna would most probably describe herself as
A. nicer than her older sister
C. a terrible girl
B. very ambitious
D. a good runner
5. Compared to boys, girls in American culture get
A. better grades and have lower perceptions of their ability
B. better grades and have higher perceptions of their ability
C. lower grades and have lower perceptions of their ability
D. the same grades but have higher perceptions of their ability
6. As teenagers progress through adolescence
A. their self-definitions become more concrete
B. their self-concepts become more tied to their physical characteristics
C. answers to the “Who am I?” question based on physical properties
become more dominant
D. answers to the “Who am I?” question based on ideology become
more salient
7. Don’s parents are upset because he is graduating from high school
and has not made up his mind whether or not he wants to go to college.
What infuriates them even more is that he is so unconcerned about it all.
What is Don’s identity status?
A. moratorium
C. identity achievement
B. foreclosure
D. identity diffusion
8. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies in the USA indicate that
the one group for whom ethnic identity has no relationship to self-esteem
or adjustment is
A. African-Americans
C. Caucasians
B. Asian-Americans
D. Hispanics
9. Which of the following children would be at the greatest risk for
low self-esteem?
A. Archie, who is intelligent but weak and uncoordinated, and
loves to play chess
B. Kelly, who does not do too well in many of the things she
tries but has a lot of social support from her family
C. Latisha, who is a talented musician and intends to pursue
a career in music over her parents’ objections
D. Willie, who is not athletic and has parents who value sports
participation highly
10. To a series of questions on her gender, your child answers that
she is a girl, that wearing a tie would make her a boy, and that she is
certainly going to grow up to be a woman. You can conclude that she
has achieved
A. gender stability, but not identity and constancy
B. gender stability and identity, but not constancy
C. gender stability, identity, and constancy
D. gender identity, but not stability and constancy
11. Bowlby stated that early infant-parent relationships
A. are mutually shaped through reciprocal shaping by way of an
extended series of reinforcements, punishments, and extinctions
B. have survival value and are built and maintained by an interlocking
repertoire of instinctive behaviors that create and sustain proximity between
parent and child
C. are rooted in the infant’s id instincts, especially sexual
drives, which become associated with various erogenous zones of the body
D. are reflexive, organized patterns of behavior, which gradually
become modified through the process of assimilation/accommodation
12. Attachment behaviors are defined as
A. social interactions that are influenced or shaped by behavior
modification techniques, including reinforcement, punishment, and extinction
B. internal states that cannot be seen directly, but whose existence
can be deduced from the way in which parents talk about their infants
C. the perceptual “dance” that develops as infants learn to alternately
habituate and then dishabituate during cross-model stimulation
D. behaviors that allow a child or adult to achieve and retain
proximity to someone else to whom he is attached
13. Research on potential long-term effects of very early contact between
mother and infant in the hours and days immediately after birth shows that
such early contact
A. may be beneficial for mothers otherwise at high risk for problems
with parenting
B. may be beneficial for mothers with sons but not for mothers
with daughters
C. is essential for the long-term attachment of mother to infant
D. has no long-term effect on any mother-infant interactions
14. In the presence of a young infant, most adults will automatically
display a distinctive pattern of interactive behaviors that includes
A. pursed lips and a low-pitched voice
C. raised eyebrows and very wide-open eyes
B. squinting eyes and pursed lips
D. a low-pitched voice and squinting eyes
15. Research with societies in which there is communal child rearing,
such as the Efe pygmy group, has found that children
A. fail to develop any attachments
B. show no special preference for their own mother
C. have stronger attachment behaviors than normal
D. show some signs of central attachment to their mothers
16. Which usually develops first
A. separation anxiety
C. object permanence
B. social referencing
D. goal-corrected partnerships
17. The Strange Situation consists of
A. an infant reared solely by its father
B. a gradual introduction into a day care setting through successively
longer and longer stays at the day care center
C. adults wearing masks with various emotional expressions to
assess infants’ social referencing abilities
D. a series of episodes in a laboratory setting involving various
combinations of infant, mother, and a stranger, alone or together in a
room
18. Choose the most correct description of male-female differences in
middle childhood friendships.
A. Boys’ friendship groups are smaller than girls’
B. Boys spend more play time indoors or near home or school
C. Girls’ friendship groups are more accepting of newcomers than
are boys’
D., Girlfriends are more likely to play in pairs or in small,
more exclusive groups
19. Research on the ability to accurately interpret the intention of
others has shown that
A. all children are equally skilled in this area
B. neglected and rejected children are least accurate
C. this skill does not develop until adolescence
D. children’s ability is not related to adult ability
E. both A & D
20. If a child sees someone else who is sad or hurt, and feels sad herself,
this is an example of _________________
A. egocentrism B.
a social script C. moral
judgment D.
empathy
21. The method of assessing moral reasoning by ________________ was
developed by ________________
A. attesting subjects’ honesty in tempting situations….Kohlberg
B. tallying the time spent in attendance at religious ceremonies…..Piaget
C. using classic formal operations tasks, such as the pendulum….Kagan
D. presenting subjects with a series of moral dilemmas in story
form…Kohlberg
22. Sympathy is fostered by all of the following EXCEPT
A. maternal warmth
B. parental explanations of consequences for actions
C. parental discussion of emotions
D. paternal discipline
23. Behaving morally for personal gain (reward or avoidance of punishment)
is characteristic of which level of moral development?
A. conventional
C. postconventional
B. unconventional
D. preconventional
24. “No running in the hall” is a _______________; “No hitting other
people" is a ________________.
A. conventional rule…moral rule
C. empathic rule…principled rule
B. moral rule…empathic rule
D. principled rule…needs-oriented rule
25. Faced with a choice of helping her sister finish a project or playing
outside with her own friends, a child says, “I will help, but only if she
promises to help me the next time.” This child is reasoning at what
level of prosocial reasoning?
A. hedonistic orientation
C. approval-by-others orientation
B. needs-oriented orientation
D. internalized, individualized norms
KEEP THIS SHEET - You may record your multiple-choice answers on it to compare with the answer key after the test.
Write answers to these questions in your blue-book.
KEY TERMS. Select as many as you know. For each,
supply a precise definition including the context and a clear example.
Partial answers will be worth partial credit, but silly guesses will result
in a loss of points (@ +/- 3 points).
Androgyny
Synchrony
Heteronomous Morality
Intersex
Egocentric Empathy
"I am ____" Test
Primary Emotions
Proximity-Promoting Behaviors
SHORT ANSWER. Select and answer 2 (@ 6 points).
1. Compare & contrast each pair by identifying a major similarity
& a difference:
A) Harter vs James
B) Diamond vs Money
C) Klaus & Kennel vs
Ainsworth
2. Diagram Bee's integration of personality theories. Then use that diagram to analyze yourself. Feel free to fictionalize details of your childhood.
3. Identify the 4 characteristics of human social relationships.
Then discuss details of each characteristic in terms of the relationships
people develop with pets.
1. D
2. C 3.
B 4. D
5. A 6.
D 7. D
8. C
9. D 10. B
11. B 12. D
13. A 14. C
15. D 16. C
17. D 18. D
19. B 20. D
21. D
22. D 23. D
24. A 25. A