DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY:  THE CHILD
PSY 360 – Fall 2002
Test 1

Multiple Choice:  For each question below, select the single most correct answer by circling the corresponding letter (@ 1 point).

[NOTE: Answers to the multiple choice questions can be found at the end of this test.]

1.     Researchers investigating the impact of heredity and environment on IQ have found that

        A.    any siblings reared together are more similar in IQ than identical twins reared apart

        B.     at 18 years of age, adopted children’s IQs are more similar to that of their adoptive mother

        C.    identical twins reared apart are more similar in IQ than fraternal twins reared together

        D.    there is very little correlation in the IQs of any siblings reared together or apart

2.     Imprinting in ducklings (following a moving object 15 hours after hatching) is an example of:

        A.    teratogen                                            C.    zone of proximal development

        B.     critical period                                      D.    grand schemes

                                                                          E.     any/all of the above

3.     Erikson identified the baby’s first year as being the time when trust or mistrust is developed. This is an example of a/an:

        A.    unconditioned response                       C.    individualism belief

        B.     sensitive period                                   D.    sequential design

4.     What term do developmental psychologists use to label a child’s set of assumptions or conclusions about the world, about himself, and about his relationships with others?

        A.    interactional continuity                         C.    heritability

        B.     internal model                                     D.    inborn biases

5.     In a collectivist culture, a child would be encouraged to

        A.    become independent as soon as possible

        B.     consult with others before making a decision

        C.    assume responsibility for her actions

        D.    be competitive in order to accumulate a collection of essential items

        E.     both A & D

6.     The terms:  “libido”, and “ego” belong to whose theory:

        A.    Erikson                                               C.    Skinner

        B.     Freud                                                 D.    Hall

                                                                          E.     Rogers & Maslow

7.     When you touch a newborn baby’s cheek, he or she will turn automatically toward your touch.  The touch on the cheeks is a(n)

        A.    conditioned stimulus                            C.    partial reinforcement

        B.     unconditioned stimulus                        D.    intrinsic reinforcement

                                                                          E.     both A & D

8.     Studies of partial reinforcement show that

        A.    it is the same thing as negative reinforcement

        B.     it is the same thing as observational learning

        C.    it works with children but not with adults

        D.    it makes behaviors more resistant to extinction

9.     Cross-sectional designs are

        A.    free of cohort problems

        B.     a good measure of consistency over time

        C.    less time-consuming than longitudinal designs

        D.    a good source of information on sequence of development

        E.     all of the above

10.   A correlation can be used to determine whether

        A.    children who are friendly are also smart

        B.     honesty in school is caused by parental practices

        C.    intelligence cause friendliness

        D.    increased amounts of homework produce a decrease in family activities

        E.     all of the above

11.   In terms of gametes, the sex of a child is determined by the

        A.  mother          B.  sperm          C.  ovum         D.  autosome    E.  both A & C

12.   Type O blood (a recessive trait) is more likely when:

        A.    homozygous                                       C.    phenotypic

        B.     dizygotic                                             D.    polygenic

                                                                          E.     heterozygous

13.   In sex-linked transmissions, a trait is more likely in _________ because ________.

        A.    fraternal twins because they have different ova

        B.     monozygotic twins because they have different sperm

        C.    boys because they have a Y chromosome

        D.    girls because they have no Y chromosomes

14.   Different names are given to the human organism as it develops during the nine months of gestation.  Which of the following lists gives those names in the correct order?

        A.    blastocyst, fetus, embryo                     C.    embryo, blastocysts, fetus

        B.     blastocyst, embryo, fetus                     D.    embryo, fetus, blastocyst

15.   the fetal stage primarily involves

        A.    differentiation of the major organ systems following implanatation

        B.     the organism developing into a blastocyst

        C.    refining all the primitive organ systems already in place

        D.    the first three days following birth

16.   The cells that hold the nervous system together, provide firmness, and remove debris are called

        A.  axons          B.  dendrites          C.  glial cells           D.  nerve cells

 17.   Prepregnancy genetic testing of parents-to-be

        A.    cannot detect the possibility of genetic errors because the baby has not yet been conceived

        B.     usually involves ultrasound as a diagnostic strategy for detecting genetic errors

        C.    can determine whether the parents are carriers of diseases for which the loci are known

        D.    uses amniocentesis to detect genetic errors

18.   Based on the results of current research, what would be the most accurate thing for a physician to tell a woman about drinking alcohol during her pregnancy?

        A.    “Don’t drink at all.  Research shows that even very small amounts have negative effects on the developing fetus.”

        B.     “It’s okay to drink moderate amounts.  Research shows that only large amounts of     alcohol, such as what an alcoholic might drink, seem to have any bad effects on the child.”

        C.    “Don’t drink at all during the first three months of your pregnancy.  After that it is okay to drink.”

        D.    “Don’t drink at all.  We know for sure that moderate and large amounts have negative effects.  We don’t know about small amounts, but to be on the safe side, it’s better not to      drink.”

19.   Effects of malnutrition on the prenatal baby are

        A.    most damaging during the first trimester

        B.     noticeable only under famine conditions

        C.    not noticeable, because the fetus is able to act as a sort of parasite on the mother’s body

        D.    worst on the developing nervous system

20.   During the first stage of labor, the cervix flattens out in a process called

        A.    dilation          B.   effacement          C.  flattening          D.  gestation

21.   Based on the research evidence, what would be CORRECT advice to give a friend if she asked you for information about alternative birthing locations (assuming there are not complications in the pregnancy)?

        A.    There is no evidence that babies born at home or in birthing centers suffer more complications than babies born in more traditional hospital settings

        B.     Babies born at home or in birthing centers have a head start in their development and are better off in the long run

        C.    Birthing centers should be avoided because they have neither the advantages of home birth nor the safety features of hospitals

        D.    Home birth should be avoided because the risk of infection during birth is much higher than for traditional hospital births

22.   Researchers have found that the father’s presence during birth

        A.    is necessary for the development of a good father-child relationship

        B.     greatly enhances the father’s relationship with the child in the first year after birth

        C.    may enhance the marital relationship but has no specific effect on the parent-child       relationship

        D.    is damaging to the marital relationship but enhances the father’s relationship with the   child

23.   The term anoxia means

        A.    delivery through an abdominal incision

        B.     low birthweight

        C.    sluggishness in the newborn due to drugs

        D.    an insufficiency of oxygen for the newborn

24.   “Small-for-date” infants

        A.    include all those who are born before 36 weeks of gestation

        B.     have not completed the full gestational period

        C.    typically have suffered from prenatal malnutrition

        D.    are also labeled “preterm”

25.   The Apgar scoring system is used to evaluate an infant's

        A.    status immediately after birth and then again five minutes later

        B.     weight at birth and at one week after birth

        C.    social responses at one day and one week after birth

        D.    strength of crying, blood pressure, and birth-weight immediately after birth

Keep this sheet - You may record your multiple-choice answers on it to compare with the answer key after the test AND you will need these questions to prepare for the final exam.

Write answers to these questions in your blue-book.

KEY TERMS & NAMES.  Select 5.  For each term, supply a precise definition including the context and a clear example.  For each name, supply the context and 2 more facts about that person's research (@ 3 points).
                        Turner's Syndrome                    Punnett Square

                        Demasculinization                      Teratogen

                        Scaffolding                                TDF

                        G. Stanley Hall                          Albert Bandura
 

SHORT ANSWER.  Select and answer 2 (@ 5 points).

1.  Classify each of the following as Nurture or Nature and defend your answer:

        Eugenics;  Maturation;  Anal expulsive;  Conditioned stimulus;  FAS.

2.  Compare & contrast each pair by identifying a major similarity & difference:

            Negative reinforcement vs Vicarious Reinforcement

            Down's syndrome vs Fragile X

            Erikson vs Freud

            Quasi-experiment vs Experiment

3.  Use each of the following theories to explain why a 3-year-old might have a tantrum, including a major theorist's name and technical terms wherever appropriate:

            Temperament;  Sociocultural;  Instrumental/Operant;  Evolutionary Psychology.

  1.  C          2.  B          3.  B          4.  B          5.  B          6.  B          7.  B
  8.  D          9.  C        10.  A        11.  B        12.  A        13.  C        14.  B
15.  C        16.  C        17.  C        18.  D        19.  D        20.  B        21.  A
22.  C        23.  D        24.  C        25.  A