SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
PSY 330 - Fall 2003
Test 4

Multiple Choice:  Circle the letter corresponding to the single most correct answer (@ 1 point).

[NOTE: Answers to the multiple choice questions can be found at the end of this test.]

1.   The more we see and interact with other people, the more likely they are to become our friends.  This statement captures the essence of the ____________ effect.

      A.  reciprocity                                                C.  propinquity

      B.   transactive                                                D.  similarity

2.   ______________ refers to the notion that the more we encounter a stimulus, the more we grow to like it

      A.  stimulus generalization                               C.  the familiarity effect

      B.   mere exposure                                          D.  the proximity effect

3.   Beatriz is expressive, sociable, and warm.  She is most likely to prefer a friend or romantic partner who is

      A.  logical                                                       C.  emotional

      B.   independent                                              D.  rational

4.   Research examining the "what is beautiful is good" stereotype cross-culturally has found that

      A.  Americans and Koreans both believe that more attractive people are more sociable, friendly, popular, and likable

      B.   Americans believe that attractive people are more generous, trustworthy, and honest than do Koreans

      C.  Koreans believe that attractive people are more dominant and assertive than Americans

      D.  Americans and Koreans do not believe that attractive people are any happier or more well-adjusted than less attractive people

5.   Although Barbara's relationship with James provides relatively few rewards compared to the costs, Barbara has come to expect that most relationships are difficult and costly.  Thus, although Barbara holds a ______________, she is unlikely to abandon her relationship with James.

      A.  low comparison level                                C.  low comparison level for alternative

      B.   high comparison level                                D.  high comparison level of alternatives

6.   Claire and Matt are involved in a romantic relationship.  Matt has recently given Claire a gold bracelet.  Because there was no special occasion, Claire now feels the need to reciprocate the gift.  The ______________ theory of relationships

      A.  comparison level for alternatives                C.  communal

      B.   equity                                                       D.  triangular

7.   The triangular theory of love posits that three components distinguish different kinds of love

      A.  intimacy, passion, and commitment            C.  similarity, complementarity, and commitment

      B.   comfort intimacy, and commitment            D.  happiness, sadness, and commitment

8.   In their relationship, Mark is concerned with maintaining an equal ratio of rewards and costs, whereas Jenn is concerned with being responsive to Mark's needs.  Mark views the relationship as a(n) ______________ relationship and Jenn views it as a(an) _______________relationship.

      A.  exchange; communal                                 C.  communal; interdependent

      B.   interlocked; loose                                     D.  dependent, interdependent

9.   Research on the evolutionary explanation of love finds that

      A.  men are more jealous than women

      B.   women are more jealous than men

      C.  men are more upset by sexual infidelity and women are more upset by emotional infidelity

      D.  women are more upset by sexual infidelity and men are more upset by emotional infidelity

10. Whereas ___________ is any act performed to benefit another, _____________  is such an act performed with no regard for one's safety or interests

      A.  altruism; prosocial behavior                       C.  prosocial behavior; altruism

      B.   prosocial behavior; self-sacrifice                D.  altruism; self-sacrifice

11. According to ___________, helping occurs only when the benefits of helping outweigh the costs.

      A.  evolutionary psychology                            C.  kin selection

      B.   the empathy-altruism hypothesis                D.  social exchange theory

12. In support for the empathy-altruism hypothesis, research has found that participants were more likely to help a student named Carol who was injured in an automobile accident when they were told

      A.  to try to imagine how Carol felt about what happened to her and how it changed her life

      B.   to be objective, and not to focus on how Carol felt

      C.  that they would see Carol every week in class, and she would know each of them by name

      D.  that they would never come face to face with Carol

13. When it comes to helping behavior

      A.  men are more helpful than women

      B.   women are more helpful than men

      C.  there is no difference between men and women

      D.  either gender might be more helpful, depending on the help they need

14. People in interdependent cultures are

      A.  more likely than Westerners to help out-group members

      B.   more likely than Westerners to engage in prosocial behavior

      C.  more likely to help in-group members, but less likely to help out-group members

      D.  less likely to engage in heroic acts, but more likely to engage in sustained helping

15. The ___________ hypothesis refers to the idea that people will often help to alleviate their own sadness and distress

      A.  social exchange                                         C.  negative-state relief

      B.   affect enhancement                                   D.  empathy-altruism

16. The bystander effect refers to the finding that

      A.  bystanders will be more likely to help when they feel they are competent to do so

      B.   the grater the number of bystanders, the less likely individuals are to help

      C.  people in crowds are distracted, so they don't interpret emergencies correctly

      D.  witnesses to an emergency are more likely to help victims similar to them

17. Juanita sees a crowd of people gathered around a man lying on the ground.  She thinks about whether to call an ambulance, but then reasons that somebody else has probably already done so.  This is an example of

      A.  diffusion of responsibility                           C.  the empathy-altruism hypothesis

      B.   the urban-overload hypothesis                   D.  social exchange theory

                                                                            E.   both B & D

18. Which of the following is an example of hostile rather than of instrumental aggression?

      A.  a farmer who kills a pig for an Easter ham

      B.   a golfer breaks a club over his knee

      C.  a woman use a fly swatter to kill a fly

      D.  a soldier who kills an enemy at war

      E.   all of the above

19. Assume that Kyle grew up in the South, where a "culture of honor" predominates.  Based on research discussed in your text, Kyle would be more likely than a Northerner to behave aggressively when

      A.  he feels his life is threatened                       C.  he has been drinking

      B.   someone insults him                                  D.  he has won a contest

                                                                            E.   all of the above

20. Which of these is related to increased aggression:

      A.  low serotonin                                            C.  stimulated amygdala

      B.   high testosterone                                       D.  all of the above

                                                                            E.   none of the above

21. Frustration increases the probability of an aggressive response, but does not inevitably lead to such a response (e.g., Berkowitz, 1993).  A number of situational factors work to accentuate frustration, further increasing the odds of aggression.  For example, frustration is accentuated when we

      A.  are close to our intended goal                    C.  perceive the frustrating act as unintentional

      B.   expect the frustration                                 D.  all of the above

22. Which of the following is the best example of an aggressive stimulus?

      A.  a gun rack in the rear window of a pick-up truck

      B.   extreme heat

      C.  loud, unpredictable noise

      D.  an insult

      E.   both B & D

23. ____________ reflects the idea that if people can "aggress", then built up aggressive energies will diminish, reducing the odds of further aggressive behavior

      A.  social learning                                           C.  catharsis

      B.   displacement                                             D.  fantasy inhibition

24. __________ theory can be used to explain why participants will derogate victims after they have done those victims physical (Glass, 1964) or psychological harm (Davis & Jones, 1960).

      A.  cognitive dissonance                                 C.  social learning

      B.   evolutionary                                              D.  psychoanalytic

25. The phenomenon of "road rage" has been given increasing attention by the print and electronic media.  Briefly, road rage involves retaliations against other drivers (e.g., shooting, running them off the road) that far exceed their offenses (e.g., driving too slowly, tail-gating).  You're designing next year's model cars, and have just read Chapter 12 (Aggression).  What new design feature might you suggest?

      A.  a light that flashes:  "oops, I'm sorry."

      B.   a louder, more powerful stereo system to distract drivers from their frustration

      C.  a second horn that makes a louder, more threatening sound that communicates, "I'm really angry now!"

      D.  a bullet proof glass on all new model cars

***KEEP THIS SHEET - you may record your multiple-choice answers on it to compare with the Answer Key after the test.  You will need these questions to prepare for the Final.

Write answers to these questions in your blue-book.

KEY TERMS & NAMES.  Select 5.  For each term, supply a precise definition including the context and a clear example.  For each name, supply the context and 2 other pieces of information (@ 3 points).

                Gain-Loss Theory                                    Relational Aggression

                Thanatos                                                  Relational Dialectics

                Hedonistic Reasoning                               Comparison Level for Alternatives

                Konrad Lorenz                                        Robert Sternberg

SHORT ANSWER.  Select and answer 2 (@ 6 points).

1.  Compare & contrast each pair by identifying one major similarity and one major difference:

                    A) Exit vs Voice

                    B) XYY vs Sign Stimuli

                    C) Attachment Theory vs Investment Model

2.  List the 5 steps of helping in an emergency.  For each step identify one major factor and discuss how it would influence your helping someone lying on the sidewalk.

3.  Select any famous couple and analyze their relationship using social exchange theory and equity theory, including technical terms wherever appropriate.

ANSWERS TO MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:

  1.  C          2.  B          3.  C          4.  A          5.  A          6.  B          7.  A
  8.  A          9.  C        10.  C        11.  D        12.  A        13.  D        14.  C
15.  C        16.  B        17.  A        18.  B        19.  B        20.  D        21.  A
22.  A        23.  C        24.  A        25.  A